unified. In these places the « intelligentsia » produces ideologies which are complementary to the ruling one. Analysis of the relationships between bourgeoisie, technobureaucracy and « intelligentsia» reveals that within the ruling class the struggle for power takes place between the moribund bourgeoisie and a new class emerging from it: the technobureaucracy. In the late-capitalist countries where the traditional forms of capitalist exploitation exist side by side with the growing strength of the technobureaucracy's class-base, we note the presence of a particular « intelligentsia » which is not yet completely integrated into the state apparatus. It is this social group which upholds and produces the complementary ideologies, taking over the ideological space left vacant by the struggle for power within the ruling class. The gurus of these fashionable ideologies are working with a formidable hypothesis: the complete break-down of any relationship between discourse and reality so that anything can get said without having the slightest effect on the constituted social order. This means that the system is immunized against any challenge, that the revolutionary project is made to remain outside the system, in a different space. By way of example, the author examines some fashionable theories arising out of structuralism up to Lacanianism, as the culminating points of this breaking-down of any relationship between discourse and reality. In place of the totality of possible reality we have discourse on reality which transforms it into a pure economy of the sign, into an effect of the signifier, into an energy flux. The author concludes by pointing out that, despite the rising technobureaucracy's fundamental reliance on Marxism, certain post-Marxist ideological forms are equally dangerous in so far as they have natural links with new techniques of expression and communication which make the consumer of images a passive being in front of a screen onto which is projected a world of forms and words controlled by the State. 21
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