influx into the « upper class » of elements from the high clergy (principally from Opus Dei) and members of the middle classes who rose to power as a consequence of membership of Francoist organizations. They are not people of any considerable property in the capitalist sense, but they do, nonetheless, wield real power of control over the country. Through its powerful finance groups the clergy controls a multitude of superficially private firms; the Francoist functionaries, for their part, are carrying forward their management role by virtue of the positions they hold in the state hierarchy. These latter, in particular, have gradually consolidated their own position as state (or para-state) managers through finance bodies like IN! (lnstituto Nacional de Industria) which has, lately, enormously enlarged its own sphere of influence in the Spanish economy. The entry of foreign capitai into Spain has played an important part in the process of technobureaucratization. In fact, the key sectors of the economy are already controlled by powerful multinational companies whtch have produced serried ranks of managers (the real wielders of the power of control) who also come from heart of the Francoist machine. The author concludes with an attempt to bring out the generai features of the Spanish ruling class in which there co-exist, side by side with technobureaucratic tendencies, bourgeois or aristocratic elements. Amongst other things he maintains that a purely economie criterion is not sufficient to pick out Spain's « new bosses », in so far as the decision-makers are stili not, necessarily, the recipients of the highest rewards. 107
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