SELF RELIANCE element of Periphery complicity in the form of a submissiveness it is up to the Periphery to change, to withdraw. ln this factor a basic source of change is located. This type of analysis serves to place self-reliance in a historical context. Self-reliance is not merely an abstract recipe, a way of organizing the economy with heavy emphasis on the use of local factors, but a highly concrete fight against any kind of center-periphery formation with the ultimate goal of arriving at a world where "each part is a center". 4 Since the essence of center-periphery formation is vertical division of labor, with exchanges across a gap in level of processing where trade is concerned, a gap in level of knowledge where science is concerned, a gap in level of initiative where politics is concerned and so on - in short the difference between the sender and the receiver, the leader and the led - the basic idea of selfreliance would be to get out of this type of relationship. ln order to obtain that three supporting mechanisms (of exploitation) have to be attacked - penetration, fragmentation and marginalization. And that leads one straight into the practice of self-reliance as a way of fighting center-periphery formation; for the penetration, fragmentation and marginalization. . . . Penetration, or dependency (the Latin American dependencia) is essentially a power relation: it simply means that what happens in the periphery is a consequence of causes located in the center. Thus, it gives broader scope to "power" than is usually given in actor-oriented analysis where the "cause" referred to has to be somebody's intent to exercise power; it also takes in the type of power that is built into a structure. Since power of any type can be seen as being of one or more of three kinds: ~ normative/ ideological, remunerative and punitive (persuasion, carrot and stick power to put it simply). the fight against penetration also has to have three ingredients. To withstand normative/ideological power emanating from some kind of center self-confidence, self-respect (the Latin American di- • From the Cocoyoc declaration: "The ideal we need is a harmonlzed cooperative world in which each oart is a center, living at the expense of nobody else, ln partnership with nature and in solidarlty with future generations". ' Power is then seen as a relation between a sender and a receiver, not as something existing ln the sender alone - that would be power potential. 51
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